Vitamina B12: Saúde Cerebral, Energia e Metabolismo

Vitamin B12: Brain Health, Energy and Metabolism

The Complexity and Essentiality of Vitamin B12 in the Human Body

Vitamin B12, or Cyanocobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for several functions in the human body, including cellular metabolism, the formation of red blood cells, neurological function and DNA synthesis. Its biochemical complexity and essentiality highlight the importance of maintaining adequate levels of this crucial vitamin.

Rich Sources of Vitamin B12

Unlike other B vitamins, B12 is found mainly in foods of animal origin. The richest sources include:

  • Animal liver and kidneys: Highly concentrated in vitamin B12.
  • Fish: Salmon, tuna, trout and sardines are excellent sources.
  • Meat and poultry: Moderate portions provide the daily requirement.
  • Dairy: Milk, cheese and yogurt.
  • Eggs: Especially the yolks contain significant quantities.

Vegetarians and vegans can turn to fortified foods or supplements to meet their daily vitamin B12 needs.

Proven Benefits

  • Neurological Function: Vitamin B12 is essential for the maintenance of the nervous system, preventing disorders such as peripheral neuropathy and dementia.
  • Prevention of Megaloblastic Anemia: B12 is crucial in the production of healthy red blood cells, preventing anemia characterized by large, immature red blood cells.
  • Mental Health: Studies indicate a correlation between adequate B12 levels and a reduced risk of depression.

The Importance of Vitamin B12 in Pregnancy and Childhood

Vitamin B12 deficiency during pregnancy can lead to serious complications, including neural tube defects in the fetus. Likewise, deficiency in infants can cause developmental delays and feeding difficulties. Adequate supplementation before and during pregnancy, as well as during lactation, is vital.

Challenges in Vitamin B12 Absorption

Different health conditions, such as celiac disease, Crohn's disease and gastric atrophy, can affect the absorption of vitamin B12, leading to deficiency even with adequate intake of B12-rich foods. Older individuals are also at risk due to decreased stomach acid.

Global Vitamin B12 Deficiency Statistics

Vitamin B12 deficiency is a global problem, affecting a wide range of populations. It is estimated that between 1.5% and 15% of the world's population is B12 deficient. The prevalence of the disability is particularly high in the elderly, with up to 20% of individuals over 60 years of age affected.

Dosage Recommendations

The recommended daily dosage of vitamin B12 for most adults is 2.4 μg. For pregnant and breastfeeding women, the requirements increase to 2.6 μg and 2.8 μg, respectively. In cases of proven deficiency or compromised absorption, significantly higher doses may be necessary under medical supervision.

Conclusion

Vitamin B12 is a crucial nutrient that supports several vital functions in the human body. Maintaining adequate levels is essential for neurological health, preventing anemia and supporting mental health. Understanding dietary sources, benefits, dosing recommendations, and global deficiency statistics is critical to ensuring adequate vitamin B12 status and promoting overall health and well-being.

References

  1. Clare, CE, Brassington, AH, Kwong, WY, & Sinclair, KD (2019). One-Carbon Metabolism: Linking Nutritional Biochemistry to Epigenetic Programming of Long-Term Development. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, 7 , 263–287. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115240
  2. O'Leary, F., & Samman, S. (2010). Vitamin B12 in health and disease. Nutrients, 2 (3), 299–316. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2030299
  3. van Campen, CLM, Riepma, K., & Visser, F. C. (2019). Open Trial of Vitamin B12 Nasal Drops in Adults With Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Comparison of Responders and Non-Responders. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10 , 1102. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.01102
  4. Markun, S., Gravestock, I., Jäger, L., Rosemann, T., Pichierri, G., & Burgstaller, J.M. (2021). Effects of Vitamin B12 Supplementation on Cognitive Function, Depressive Symptoms, and Fatigue: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression. Nutrients, 13 (4), 1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041222
  5. Wang, JY, Wu, YH, Liu, SJ, Lin, YS, Lu, PH, & Lu, CW (2018). Vitamin B12 for herpetic neuralgia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 41 , 277–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2018.09.016
  6. Didangelos, T., Karlafti, E., Kotzakioulafi, E., Margariti, E., Giannoulaki, P., Batanis, G., Tesfaye, S., & Kantartzis, K. (2021). Vitamin B12 Supplementation in Diabetic Neuropathy: A 1-Year Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 13 (2), 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020395
  7. Pflipsen, M. C., Oh, R. C., Saguil, A., Seehusen, D. A., Seaquist, D., & Topolski, R. (2009). The prevalence of vitamin B(12) deficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine: JABFM, 22 (5), 528–534. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2009.05.090048
Back to blog

Esclareça qualquer dúvida que tenha!